identity theory comes from which social-psychological perspective? course hero

What is the relationship between social identity theory and psychology?

As psychologists continually refine their theories of the self, sociologists also continue to refine social identity theory.

What is the core idea of identity theory?

The core idea is that one’s sense of identity is determined largely by the choices and commitments made regarding certain personal and social traits. The work done in this paradigm considers how much one has made certain choices, and how much he or she displays a commitment to those choices.

When was the concept of social identity created?

On the basis of this research, Tajfel first defined the concept of social identity in 1972. The concept of social identity was created as a means to consider the way one conceptualizes the self-based on the social groups to which one belongs. Then, Tajfel and his student John Turner introduced social identity theory in 1979.

What is self identity in psychology?

Sarah has taught Psychology at the college level and has a master's degree in Counseling Psychology. Jennifer has a Ph.D. in Psychology. She's taught multiple college-level psychology courses and been published in several academic journals. Self Identity refers to the ways in which an individual identifies themselves.

What is social identity theory mainly about?

Social identity theory aims to specify and predict the circumstances under which individuals think of themselves as individuals or as group members. The theory also considers the consequences of personal and social identities for individual perceptions and group behaviour.

What are the 3 stages of social identity theory?

This process of favoring one's in-group happens in three stages: social categorization, social identification, and social comparison. (1) People first categorize themselves and others into social groups based on external or internal criteria.

What part of the self concept is mastery?

Two important evaluative dimensions of the self-concept are mastery (a sense of personal control deriving from the belief that actions will produce desired ends) and self-esteem (perceived self-worth).

What is social identity in social psychology?

Social identity refers to the ways that people's self-concepts are based on their membership in social groups. Examples include sports teams, religions, nationalities, occupations, sexual orientation, ethnic groups, and gender.

What is identity in psychology?

Identity encompasses the memories, experiences, relationships, and values that create one's sense of self. This amalgamation creates a steady sense of who one is over time, even as new facets are developed and incorporated into one's identity.

What is self-knowledge in social psychology?

V. McGeer, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001. Self-knowledge refers to knowledge of one's own mental states, processes, and dispositions. Most agree it involves a capacity for understanding the representational properties of mental states and their role in shaping behavior.

What is self-concept in sociology?

Self-concept is how we perceive our behaviors, abilities, and unique characteristics. 1 For example, beliefs such as "I am a good friend" or "I am a kind person" are part of an overall self-concept. Our self-perception is important because it affects our motivations, attitudes, and behaviors.

What is self-esteem in social psychology?

In psychology, the term self-esteem is used to describe a person's overall subjective sense of personal worth or value. In other words, self-esteem may be defined as how much you appreciate and like yourself regardless of the circumstances. Your self-esteem is defined by many factors including: Self-confidence.

Who developed social identity theory?

Social identity theory, introduced by social psychologists Henri Tajfel and John Turner in the 1970s, describes the cognitive processes related to social identity and how social identity impacts intergroup behavior.

When was social identity first defined?

On the basis of this research, Tajfel first defined the concept of social identity in 1972. The concept of social identity was created as a means to consider the way one conceptualizes the self-based on the social groups to which one belongs. Then, Tajfel and his student John Turner introduced social identity theory in 1979.

What is the purpose of the cognitive process theory?

The theory aimed to illuminate both the cognitive processes that lead people to define their group memberships and the motivational processes that enable people to maintain positive social identity by favorably comparing their social group to other groups.

What is social identity?

Updated July 22, 2019. Social identity is the part of the self that is defined by one’s group memberships. Social identity theory, which was formulated by social psychologist Henri Tajfel and John Turner in the 1970s, describes the conditions under which social identity becomes more important than one’s identity as an individual.

What are the three processes of social identity?

Cognitive Processes of Social Identity. Social identity theory specifies three mental processes individuals go through to make in-group/out-group classifications. The first process, social categorization, is the process by which we organize individuals into social groups in order to understand our social world.

What is social categorization?

Social categorization generally results in an emphasis on the similarities of people in the same group and the differences between people in separate groups. One can belong to a variety of social categories, but different categories will be more or less important depending on social circumstances.

Why do people feel positive about themselves?

As a general rule, people are motivated to feel positive about themselves and maintain their self-esteem. The emotional investments people make in their group memberships results in their self-esteem being tied to the social standing of their in-groups. Consequently, a positive evaluation of one's in-group in comparison to relevant out-groups ...

Who believed in the core motive behind personality?

Carl Jung: Focused on concepts such as the collective unconscious, archetypes, and psychological types. Alfred Adler: Believed the core motive behind personality involves striving for superiority, or the desire to overcome challenges and move closer toward self-realization.

What is the perspective of personality?

The trait perspective of personality is centered on identifying, describing, and measuring the specific traits that make up human personality. 5  By understanding these traits, researchers believe they can better comprehend the differences between individuals.

What is Maslow's theory of motivation?

Abraham Maslow: Suggested that people are motivated by a hierarchy of needs. The most basic needs are centered on things necessary for life such as food and water, but as people move up the hierarchy these needs become centered on things such as esteem and self-actualization. 5

What is humanistic perspective?

Humanistic Perspective. The humanistic perspective of personality focuses on psychological growth, free will, and personal awareness. It takes a more positive outlook on human nature and is centered on how each person can achieve their individual potential. 3 .

How many personality traits did Raymond Cattell identify?

Raymond Cattell: Identified 16 personality traits that he believed could be utilized to understand and measure individual differences in personality. 8

What is the psychoanalytic perspective of personality?

The psychoanalytic perspective of personality emphasizes the importance of early childhood experiences and the unconscious mind. This perspective on personality was created by psychiatrist Sigmund Freud who believed that things hidden in the unconscious could be revealed in a number of different ways, including through dreams, free association, ...

What is social cognitive perspective?

Social Cognitive Perspective. The study of personality is one of the major topics of interest in psychology. Numerous personality theories exist and most of the major ones fall into one of four major perspectives. Each of these perspectives on personality attempts to describe different patterns in personality, including how these patterns form ...

What is the identity status theory?

The main idea is that one’s sense of identity is determined largely by the choices and commitments made regarding certain personal and social traits.

What is the book Ego Identity?

Marcia et al.: Ego Identity: A Handbook for Psychosocial Research: This useful book contains an integrated presentation of identity theory , including literature reviews that span hundreds of of research studies, a discussion of the techniques of interviewing for psychosocial constructs, and model Identity Status Interviews and scoring manuals for a variety of age groups.

What is identity moratorium?

Identity Moratorium – the status in which the adolescent is currently in a crisis, exploring various commitments and is ready to make choices, but has not made a commitment to these choices yet.

How is identity determined?

The core idea is that one’s sense of identity is determined largely by the choices and commitments made regarding certain personal and social traits. The work done in this paradigm considers how much one has made certain choices, and how much he or she displays a commitment to those choices. Identity involves the adoption of 1) a sexual orientation, 2) a set of values and ideals and 3) a vocational direction. A well-developed identity gives on a sense of one’s strengths, weaknesses, and individual uniqueness. A person with a less well-developed identity is not able to define his or her personal strengths and weaknesses, and does not have a well articulated sense of self.

What is identity diffusion?

Identity Diffusion – the status in which the adolescent does no have a sense of having choices; he or she has not yet made (nor is attempting/willing to make) a commitment

What is Marcia's theory of identity achievement?

Marcia’s theory of identity achievement argues that two distinct parts form an adolescent’s identity: crisis (i. e. a time when one’s values and choices are being reevaluated) and commitment. He defined a crisis as a time of upheaval where old values or choices are being reexamined.

Who developed the Erikson model?

Based on Erik Erikson’s groundbreaking work on identity and psychosocial development in the 1960s, Canadian developmental psychologist James Marcia refined and extended Erikson’s model, primarily focusing on adolescent development [1] [2].

What does gender mean in social studies?

The term gender is conventionally used to refer to: A) one's social categorization as male or female. B) one's genetically specified category as male or female. C ) behaviors associated with being male or female.

Which has more opportunity to observe the behavior of men or women?

Boys have more opportunity to observe the behavior of men, and girls have more opportunity to observe the behavior of women.

What is social identity theory?

Social Identity Theory explains that we can define ourselves by the social categories that we feel we belong to such as nationalities, religious or political associations, gender roles, families, and even as niche as a group of fans of a certain sports team. Social identity includes memberships of social groups and the perceptions and behaviors associated with those groups. Throughout history, many political, religious, and cultural groups have gone to war to preserve the ideals of their groups. Gay pride parades and religious groups picketing abortion clinics are common. But even those social affiliations that seem the most harmless can be taken very seriously by their members. Rioting sports fans are an excellent example of how seriously we take our social identities and wish to protect them.

What is self identity?

Self Identity refers to the ways in which an individual identifies themselves. Examine the theory and definition of self identity including society's role in self identity, the difference between social and self identity, the social identity theory, the definition of self-esteem and introspection, and the changing roles of self identity throughout life. Updated: 09/07/2021

Why is self identity so tricky?

What makes self-identity so tricky is that we evaluate ourselves as humans based on how we believe we are supposed to feel and how we are supposed to act according to our society. Sometimes, we can evaluate ourselves negatively or critically. Critical thoughts can affect our self-esteem and how we think of ourselves.

How do we evolve a sense of self identity?

So, how do we evolve a sense of self-identity? Every person approaches their self-identity differently. Some people may not think consciously about their self-identity. Others may consciously think about their own thoughts and feelings and reflect on their actions. This is called introspection. People who consciously try to answer the question 'Who am I?' are engaging in introspection. Through introspection, we can gain self-knowledge about our personalities and motivations.

How do critical thoughts affect self esteem?

Critical thoughts can affect our self-esteem and how we think of ourselves. Self-esteem is defined as how we evaluate our own general worth. If we feel that we are successful members of our social groups and live up to our expectations and those of the groups, we will probably feel high self-esteem.

Can we define our self identity without the context of our society?

We cannot define our self-identity without the context of our society. Let's go back to Alice for an example. We can theorize that one of the difficulties Alice has in answering the Caterpillar's question has to do with the society of Wonderland.

Is self identity complex?

Self-identity is a very complex idea. So complex, in fact, that even those who actively work on understanding themselves and their self-identity still have great difficulty. Some aspects of self-identity can be identified and described by others.

Origins: Studies of In-Group Favoritism

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Cognitive Processes of Social Identity

Maintenance of Positive Social Identity

Discrimination Against Out-Groups

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