May 02, 2019 · Nevertheless, the Crown continued to earn a great portion of the spoils that these private investors collected by devising a system in order to maintain their authority in New Spain. 1) King invested in 1st expedition of Cristobal Colon but stopped doing so after 1) private investments by conquistadores funded Iberian conquests and pushed them forward …
Nov 05, 2015 · How were Iberian conquests in the Indies funded and how were the spoils of victory divided? How did the Crown manage to control and benefit from the conquests? 2. How …
(Second world system starting in 1400s)-Social Death (Second world system starting in 1400s)-Middle Passage (1400s and up to British involvement in 1700s)-Easterly and westerly winds …
The Iberians (Latin: Hibērī, from Greek: Ἴβηρες, Iberes) were an ancient civilization [citation needed] settled in the eastern and southern coasts of the Iberian peninsula, at least from the …
"Warrior of Moixent" Iberian (Edetan) ex-voto statuette, 2nd to 4th centuries BC, found in Edeta. The Iberians ( Latin: Hibērī, from Greek: Ἴβηρες, Iberes) were a set of people that Greek and Roman sources (among others, ...
The Iberians ( Latin: Hibērī, from Greek: Ἴβηρες, Iberes) were a set of people that Greek and Roman sources (among others, Hecataeus of Miletus, Avienius, Herodotus and Strabo) identified with that name in the eastern and southern coasts of the Iberian peninsula, at least from the 6th century BC. The Roman sources also use ...
The Iberians lived in villages and oppida (fortified settlements) and their communities were based on a tribal organization. The Iberians in the Spanish Levant were more urbanized than their neighbors in the central and northwestern regions of the Iberian peninsula. The peoples in the central and northwest regions were mostly Celtic, semi-pastoral and lived in scattered villages, though they also had a few fortified towns like Numantia. They had a knowledge of writing, metalworking, including bronze, and agricultural techniques.
The Iberian culture developed from the 6th century BC , and perhaps as early as the fifth to the third millennium BC in the eastern and southern coasts of the Iberian peninsula. The Iberians lived in villages and oppida (fortified settlements) and their communities were based on a tribal organization.
The settlement of Castellet de Banyoles in Tivissa was one of the most important ancient Iberian settlements in the north eastern part of the Iberian peninsula that was discovered in 1912. Also, the 'Treasure of Tivissa ', a unique collection of silver Iberian votive offerings was found here in 1927.
Sagunto is the location of an ancient Iberian and later Roman city of Saguntum, where a big fortress was built in the 5th century BC. Greek colonists made the first historical reference to the Iberians in the 6th century BC. They defined Iberians as non-Celtic peoples south of the Ebro river (Iber).
Main article: Second Punic War. Iberia during the Second Punic War, showing the short-lived Carthaginian (yellow) and Roman (red) territories and allies. After the First Punic war, the massive war debt suffered by Carthage led them to attempt to expand their control over the Iberian peninsula.
Despite their achievements, the Jews and Muslims of al Andalus were defeated by the Christian Spaniards. Under the Spanish Inquisition which followed, the unfortunate Israelites were persecuted and eventually expelled from Spain. In 1492, all professed Jews were expelled from Spain, as were all professed Muslims in 1502.
The term Sephardi refers to the Jews who inhabited the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages, and who were later expelled by the Spanish and the Portuguese. They are distinct from Ashkenazi Jews, and are not the Sepharad mentioned in the Book of Obadiah (1:20).
In 1492, all professed Jews were expelled from Spain, as were all professed Muslims in 1502. In a period of one hundred thirty-nine (139) years, three million (3,000,000) Muslims and Jews were expelled from Spain. The Jews coerced into becoming Christians were referred to as “Conversos”.
Prior to the Abbasid Dynasty’s rise to power over the Islamic world in the year 750 A.D., Kushite Arabians under the Umayyad Dynasty joined forces with African Moors (Berbers) in 711 A.D. to conquer the Iberian Peninsula .
While technological superiority, military strategy and forging local alliances played an important role in the victories of the conquistadors in the Americas, their conquest was greatly facilitated by old world diseases: smallpox, chicken pox, diphtheria, typhus, influenza, measles, malaria and yellow fever. The diseases were carried to distant tribes and villages. This typical path of disease transmission moved much faster than the conquistadors, so that as they advanced, resistance weakened. Epidemic disease is commonly cited as the primary reason for the population collapse. The American natives lacked immunity to these infections.
Conquistadors (also spelled conquistadores; / kɒnˈk ( w) ɪstədɔːr /, also US: /- ˈkiːs -, kɒŋˈ -/; Spanish: [koŋkistaˈðoɾ]; Portuguese: [kũkiʃtɐˈdoɾ, kõkiʃtɐˈðoɾ]; from Spanish and Portuguese for 'conqueror'; English for 'conqueror') were the knights, soldiers and explorers of the Spanish and the Portuguese Empires.
For example, Ioánnis Fokás (known as Juan de Fuca) was a Castilian of Greek origin who discovered the strait that bears his name between Vancouver Island and Washington state in 1592. German-born Nikolaus Federmann, Hispanicised as Nicolás de Federmán, was a conquistador in Venezuela and Colombia.
After his father's death in 1479, Ferdinand II of Aragón married Isabella of Castile, unifying both kingdoms and creating the Kingdom of Spain. He later tried to incorporate by marriage the kingdom of Portugal. Isabella notably supported Columbus's first voyage that launched the conquistadors into action.
This was accomplished by the Treaty of Tordesillas (7 June 1494) which modified the delimitation authorized by Pope Alexander VI in two bulls issued on 4 May 1493. The treaty gave to Portugal all lands which might be discovered east of a meridian drawn from the Arctic Pole to the Antarctic, at a distance of 370 leagues (1,800 km) west of Cape Verde. Spain received the lands west of this line.
Route of Narváez expedition (until November 1528), and a reconstruction of Cabeza de Vaca 's later wanderings. The Spaniard Cabeza de Vaca was the leader of the Narváez expedition of 600 men that between 1527 and 1535 explored the mainland of North America.
The viceroy of New Spain Antonio de Mendoza, for whom is named the Codex Mendoza, commissioned several expeditions to explore and establish settlements in the northern lands of New Spain in 1540–42. Francisco Vázquez de Coronado reached Quivira in central Kansas.
The Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula was a process by which the Roman Republic seized territories in the Iberian Peninsula that were previously under the control of native Celtiberian tribes and the Carthaginian Empire. The Carthaginian territories in the south and east of the peninsula were conquered in 206 BCE during the Second Punic War.
Cato claimed that he had pacified Hispania. Yet, the year after he went back to Rome there were more serious rebellions. Thus, reality on the ground was different, and, due to Hispania being far away, the senate could be badly informed about the situation there. Cato's actions actually sowed the seeds for further rebellion. His heavy handedness was resented. Moreover, he further promoted agricultural production to supply the Roman army. This transformed some of the tribes in the Roman territories from pastoral and nomadic or semi nomadic societies into settled agricultural ones. Many young people who lost their traditional warrior lifestyle became mercenaries, auxiliary soldiers for the Roman army, bandits or rebels. Outside Roman territory there were fears about possible Roman encroachment inland. This was fertile ground for rebellions.
Lusitania was probably the area of the peninsula that resisted the Roman invasion for the longest time. Until the year 155 BC, the Lusitanian chief Punicus made raids into the part of Lusitania controlled by Rome, ending with the twenty-year peace made by the former praetor Sempronius Gracchus. Punicus obtained an important victory against the praetors Manilius and Calpurnius, inflicting 6,000 casualties.
Between the 8th and 7th centuries BC, the Phoenicians (and later the Carthaginians) established trading contacts in the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula as well as along part of the east coast. Their trading posts on the coast exported minerals and other resources available in Iberia and imported manufactures from the Eastern Mediterranean.
Hamilcar was succeeded by Hasdrubal the Fair, his son-in-law, in 226 BC. Rome concluded a treaty with Hasbrubal "with the stipulation that neither side should extend its dominion beyond the Ebro, while the Saguntines, situated between the empires of the two peoples, should be preserved in independence".
The Second Punic War between Carthage and Rome was sparked off by an attack by Hannibal on Saguntum. Hannibal found a pretext to wage war on Saguntum in a dispute between the city and the surrounding Turduli. In response, Saguntum sent envoys to Rome to ask for help. The Roman senate decided to send commissioners to Hispania to investigate the situation there, to warn Hannibal, if necessary, not to interfere with Saguntine matters and then to proceed to Carthage to submit the Saguntine complaints to the Carthaginian council. However, Hannibal had begun the siege of Saguntum before their departure. The senate decided to still send the commissioners to Hannibal and, if he refused to cease hostilities, they were to go to Carthage and demand his surrender in satisfaction of the broken treaty.
In 211 BC, the Roman senate sent Gaius Nero to Hispania with 6,000 Roman and 6,000 allied infantry and 300 Roman and 600 allied cavalry. He landed at Tarraco, marched to the Ebro and took over the force of Tiberius Fonteius and Lucius Marcius. He then advanced against the enemy and occupied the two exits of the pass to Lapides Atri (Black Boulders), in Ausetanian territory, where Hasdrubal (Hamilcar's son) was encamped, thus shutting him in. Hasdrubal promised that he would take his army out of Hispania if Nero let him out of his position and asked him for talks the next day to put the terms in writing, which Nero accepted. Hasdrubal made the talks drag on for days. Meanwhile, his army gradually sneaked out of the pass at night. Finally, he left, too. Nero pursued him and offered battle, but he declined.