how to read p&id course

What does read -p mean in Linux?

So, using the read -p example, this means you want to execute read using the p option, which stands for prompt. Now, sometimes an option will require an argument. In your examples, the options to useradd have arguments. Arguments are usually defined like <command> -<option> [argument].

How do you interpret p values?

How Do You Interpret P Values? In technical terms, a P value is the probability of obtaining an effect at least as extreme as the one in your sample data, assuming the truth of the null hypothesis. For example, suppose that a vaccine study produced a P value of 0.04.

How to read a P&ID?

To read a P&ID effectively one must be familiar with standard instrument symbols and standard identification letter codes. We hope you enjoyed this short article on reading P&IDs, here at RealPars our team of experts is on hand to answer your questions and respond to your feedback.

What does a p value of 4% mean?

This P value indicates that if the vaccine had no effect, you’d obtain the observed difference or more in 4% of studies due to random sampling error. P values address only one question: how likely are your data, assuming a true null hypothesis?

Is 0.006 statistically significant?

A statistically significant difference is not necessarily one that is of clinical significance. In the above example, the statistically significant effect (p = 0.006) is also clinically significant as even a modest improvement in survival is important.

When p 0.05 What does it mean?

A statistically significant test result (P ≤ 0.05) means that the test hypothesis is false or should be rejected. A P value greater than 0.05 means that no effect was observed.

How do you interpret the p-value for dummies?

3:077:41What Is A P-Value? - Clearly Explained - YouTubeYouTubeStart of suggested clipEnd of suggested clipThe smaller the p-value. The stronger the evidence. Against the null hypothesis.MoreThe smaller the p-value. The stronger the evidence. Against the null hypothesis.

What does p .01 mean?

statistically significantIf the p-value is under . 01, results are considered statistically significant and if it's below . 005 they are considered highly statistically significant. But how does this help us understand the meaning of statistical significance in a particular study?

What does P 0.005 mean?

A p-value of 0.005 means there is a 0.5% chance – or a change from 1/20 to 1/200. There are major problems with over-reliance on the p-value. It was never intended to be the one measure of whether or not an effect is real, but unfortunately the human desire for simplicity has pushed it into that role.

Is 0.06 statistically significant?

A p value of 0.06 means that there is a probability of 6% of obtaining that result by chance when the treatment has no real effect. Because we set the significance level at 5%, the null hypothesis should not be rejected.

Is p-value of 0.25 significant?

In most fields, acceptable p-values should be under 0.05 while in other fields a p-value of under 0.01 is required. This cut-off number is known in statistics as the alpha, and results from experiments with p-values below this threshold are considered to be statistically significant.

Is a high or low p-value better?

A p-value measures the probability of obtaining the observed results, assuming that the null hypothesis is true. The lower the p-value, the greater the statistical significance of the observed difference. A p-value of 0.05 or lower is generally considered statistically significant.

What does p 0.04 mean?

In this context, what P = 0.04 (i.e., 4%) means is that if the null hypothesis is true and if you perform the study a large number of times and in exactly the same manner, drawing random samples from the population on each occasion, then, on 4% of occasions, you would get the same or greater difference between groups ...

What does P .0001 mean?

The p-value indicates how probable the results are due to chance. p=0.05 means that there is a 5% probability that the results are due to random chance. p=0.001 means that the chances are only 1 in a thousand.

Is .002 statistically significant?

Most authors refer to statistically significant as P < 0.05 and statistically highly significant as P < 0.001 (less than one in a thousand chance of being wrong).

Is 0.009 statistically significant?

The resulting p value was 0.009. Because this value is small, he concluded that Explanation 1 (“it's all just chance and random variability”) was not appropriate, and that the result was “statistically significant”. This is a standard statistical procedure, very commonly used.

How to understand P value?

In order to understand P values, you must first understand the null hypothesis. In every experiment, there is an effect or difference between groups that the researchers are testing. It could be the effectiveness of a new drug, building material, or other intervention that has benefits. Unfortunately for the researchers, ...

Why can't I interpret a P value?

Incorrect interpretations of P values are very common. The most common mistake is to interpret a P value as the probability of making a mistake by rejecting a true null hypothesis (a Type I error ). There are several reasons why P values can’t be the error rate. First, P values are calculated based on the assumptions that the null is true for ...

Why can't you tell if a P value is true?

Consequently, P values can’t tell you the probability that the null is true or false because it is 100% true from the perspective of the calculations.

Why do we use P values?

The P value is used all over statistics, from t-tests to regression analysis. Everyone knows that you use P values to determine statistical significance in a hypothesis test. In fact, P values often determine what studies get published and what projects get funding. Despite being so important, the P value is a slippery concept ...

What is a P & L report?

A P & L report contains a company's income and expense information for a specific time. It specifically breaks down revenue and expenses and is a measure of whether a company is profitable.

Who prepares the P & L report?

Who creates a P & L report depends on the structure of the company. The CFO, along with the CEO, likely creates the P & L statement for most publicly traded companies. The top company executives then present the P & L report to board members or company shareholders.

How to read a P & L report

Use these seven important steps to help you read and analyze a P & L report:

Importance of reading a P & L report accurately

The P & L report is the most fundamental measure of a company's success. It's a report that articulates the company's bottom line. Effective executives can read through a P & L statement and understand the financial health of the business. This is critical information that's conveyed to team members and to board members and shareholders.

When should P&ID be updated?

It should be updated when any physical change is made so that the unit will remain compliant with codes, standards, and specification, and can be operated safely under the defined process conditions.

What is P&ID in PFD?

P&ID is a graphical representation of the actual process plant using various symbols that represent actual equipment. As said earlier it is complex than PFD. A single PFD can have multiple P&ID. This means if some system is shown on single PFD, to show the same system on P&ID, it may require multiple P&ID sheets.

Where is the PID number located?

The PID number is a unique number which recognizes the PID. It is situated in the bottom right-hand corner of the margin, along with the title, facility name of the issuer (engineering firm, vendor, EPC contractor), revision stamp and revision number (or letter). It is very important to always check you have the latest revision.

What is equipment in P&ID?

Equipment is the main items shown in a P&ID to perform the process required treatment. The plant equipment is shown in the P&ID by an icon showing the equipment in basic manner. Usually they are identified by a name and unique tag (Unique identifier that is assigned to a field device, skid or equipment).

What is a P&ID diagram?

Piping and instrumentation diagram, also called P&ID, is a diagram used to show a graphical display of a complete system. It includes all piping, instruments, valves and equipment that the system consist of.

What are the four graphical elements in a piping diagram?

According to ISA S5.1, there are mainly 4 four graphical elements: shared control/display, computer, function, and programmable logic controller. This shapes represent both the physical or the software devices.

What is a Profit & Loss Statement?

The Profit & Loss statement, also called an income statement, shows you your revenue and expenses over a certain period of time. The revenue section covers how much money your business brought in for that period, and subtracts the cost of creating your products to show your gross profitability.

P&L Statement vs. Balance Sheet

A common question we get around P&L statements is, how is it different from a balance sheet? They both show you the amount of money you have and the amount you’re spending, right? Not quite. While both the balance sheet and the income statement give you information about money coming in or going out, the key difference is time.

What is a P&L Statement Used For?

The P&L statement is useful for examining trends in your business, and understanding where you’re bringing in money (and where you’re losing it):

How to Read a P&L Statement

The P&L statement shows your income, COGS, gross profit, expenses, net operating income, and total net income. Let’s look at an example.

What does "a - after" mean in a command?

First off, the structure <command> -<option> means that you want to execute <command> using the option corresponding to <option>. A - after a command means that the following letter is an option. Most commands have several options you can use.

What are options in command line?

Most commands have several options you can use. Options are usually defined using either a single letter or a couple of words separated by -. Side Note: For options that are a couple of words rather than a single letter, often it will use two minus signs -- instead of one, signifying that it is a "long named" option.

How to get blood pressure reading?

Article Summary X. To get a blood pressure reading, place the cuff directly above the crook of your elbow. Make sure you are sitting upright in a supported chair and keep the arm with the cuff at heart level. After taking a few minutes to relax, inflate the cuff, wait until it deflates,, and then remove it.

What is the second reading of a systolic pressure?

Seek immediate medical attention if second reading is a systolic pressure over 180 or a diastolic over 110. You may have one number high and the other one normal or both could be high. Either way, it’s important to get medical attention as soon as possible.

What is the top number of blood pressure?

Your blood pressure reading is made up of two numbers, a top and bottom one. The top number is called the systolic pressure and the bottom one is the diastolic.

Can you check blood pressure over time?

In most cases, you’ll be checking your blood pressure results over time. This can give you a sense of what is normal for you as well as factors that may contribute to it such as stress or activity. Keep your doctor informed of your readings as necessary or give her a copy of your records for your medical file.

Why use P/E ratio?

The most common use of the P/E ratio is to gauge the valuation of a stock or index. The higher the ratio, the more expensive a stock is relative to its earnings. The lower the ratio, the less expensive the stock. In this way, stocks and equity mutual funds can be classified as “growth” or “value” investments.

What is the Shiller P/E ratio?

A third approach is to use average earnings over a period of time. The most well known example of this approach is the Shiller P/E ratio, also known as the CAP/E ratio (cyclically adjusted price earnings ratio).

Is Shiller PE a good predictor of future returns?

A recent study found that the Shiller PE was a reliable predictor of market returns between 1995 and 2020. In contrast, a recent Vanguard study found that the Shiller PE and other P/E ratio measures “had little or no correlation with future stock returns.”.