Other, more obscure pathways include phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), succinate, and methanogen pathways. They all need to bring energy-poor carbon dioxide into the energy-rich carbon-hydrogen compound metabolism of organisms.
ATP and similar molecules (such as guanosine triphosphate [GTP]) have a five-carbon sugar and three phosphates. As far as is known, such molecules are the general and unique energy currency of living systems on Earth. basic overview of processes of ATP production.
Heterotrophs are organisms that acquire their energy by the controlled breakdown of preexisting organic molecules, or food. Human beings, like most other animals, fungi, protists, and bacteria, are heterotrophs. food capture: animals. The process of food capture in different animal species. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Productive organisms, called autotrophs, convert light or chemicals into energy-rich organic compounds beginning with energy-poor carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). These autotrophs provide energy for the other organisms, the heterotrophs.
To break down the water molecule, H 2 O, into hydrogen and oxygen requires much energy. The hydrogen from water is then combined in the “dark reactions” with carbon dioxide, CO 2. The result is the production of such energy-rich organic molecules as sugars, amino acids, and nucleotides.
Only some bacteria are capable of obtaining energy by “burning” inorganic chemicals. Green plants are typical photoautotrophs. Plants absorb sunlight to generate ATP and to disassociate water into oxygen and hydrogen. To break down the water molecule, H 2 O, into hydrogen and oxygen requires much energy.
The aerobic steps occur on enzymes localized in mitochondria, the “power packs” of cells where oxygen gas is used to make the energy compound ATP. The complete aerobic breakdown of sugar to carbon dioxide and water is about 10 times more efficient than the anaerobic in that 10 times as many ATP molecules are produced.
All living things need energy to fuel the biochemical pathways that enable them to grow, reproduce and move.
All organisms are made of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins, which are needed for growth, reproduction and movement. These molecules all contain carbon, making them organic molecules.
The flowchart below shows how the energy source and carbon source classifications combine:
The subject of electron donors is a very technical subject at the heart of all biochemistry, as electron donors are the means by which energy is released from the energy source. Without electron donors there can be no biochemistry.
Combining all three defines a particular metabolism precisely. Writing this in the order by which energy enters and moves through an organism, from energy source, to electron donor, to carbon source, we have all these possible metabolisms:
Plants are photolithoautotrophs, as they obtain energy from photons (photo), use water as the electron donor (litho), and obtain carbon from carbon dioxide (auto). The simpler words autotroph and phototroph can also be used: in fact autotroph is the word usually taught in high school ecology classes for ‘plants’.
Requirements for Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen . • Often satisfied together . –carbon source often provides H, O, and electrons . • Heterotrophs . –use organic molecules as carbon sources which often also serve as energy source –can use a variety of carbon sources .
State the carbon, energy, and electron sources of photolithoautotrophs, photoorganoheterotrophs, chemolithoautotrophs, chemolithoheterotrophs, and chemoorganoheterotrophs 3. Describe the products of the fueling reactions 4.
1. Describe in general terms the fueling reactions of phototrophs 2. Differentiate phototrophy from photosynthesis 3. Describe the light and dark reactions that occur during photosynthesis 4. Summarize the structure and function of the light- absorbing pigments used by oxygenic and anoxygenic phototrophs . 63 .
transport results in the formation of a concentration gradient of protons and a charge gradient –the combined chemical and electrical potential difference make up the proton motive force (PMF)
O not used as an electron source; therefore O
1. Explain how carbon’s electron configuration and valence result in its ability to form large and complex organic molecules It has four valence electrons which can form many covalent bonds, of different combinations of single and double bonds, and multiple carbon atoms can form long chains.
15. Protein A has three polypeptide chains, 140 α-helices, and 89 β-sheets in its structure. How many different structural levels can be defined for protein A? Four: - primary structure - the sequence of amino acids -secondary structure - the alpha helix’s and beta sheets -tertiary structure - the interactions of these subunits with one another -quaternary structure - the interaction of this protein with other molecules
4. Define monomer and polymer Monomer - A molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer. Polymer - A substance that has a molecular structure consisting chiefly or entirely of a large number of similar units bonded together.
Explain why sugars are an essential part of our diet (*) - Sugar is a carbohydrate, which is one four essential macromolecules, it’s a quick energy source and it provides structural support
9. Do hydrophobic molecules not react with water at all? How does a hydrophobic molecule (or part of a molecule such as the hydrophobic backbones of fats) exactly react with water? Explain fully - Hydrophobic molecules do not react with water, however water molecules do break hydrogen bonds to make room for the hydrophobic molecules.
And Pauli’s exclusion principle is that the value of four quantum numbers of two electrons in an atom cannot be the same. To write the orbital diagram of carbon (C), you have to do the electron configuration of carbon. Which has been discussed in detail above.
Carbon electron configuration is 1s 2 2s 2 2p 2. Carbon (C) is a p-block element. This article gives an idea about the electron configuration of carbon (C) and the orbital diagram, period and groups, valency and valence electrons of carbon, bond formation, compound formation, application of different principles.
Valence (valency) is determined from the electron configuration of the element in the excited state. The electron configuration of carbon in excited state is C* (6) = 1s 2 2s 2 2p x1 2p y1 . Here, the electron configuration of carbon (C) shows that two unpaired electrons exist. In this case, the valency of the carbon atom is 2.
The electrons of an atom revolve in circular paths at certain rules and distances, these circular paths are called orbits (shell). And, the method of arranging electrons in these circular orbits is called the method of electron configuration through orbit. Orbits are expressed by n. [n = 1,2,3,4 . . .]
The total number of electrons in the last orbit of the carbon (C) atom is four. That is, the group number of carbon is 4 + 10 = 14. Therefore, we can say that the period of the carbon element is 2 and the group is 14.
The arrangement of electrons in different orbits and orbitals of an atom in a certain order is called electron configuration . The electron configuration of 118 elements of the periodic table can be done in two ways. One of the 118 elements in the periodic table is the carbon element. That is, the electron configuration of carbon atoms can be done in 2 ways.
To determine the group of p-block elements, the group has to be determined by adding 10 to the total number of electrons in the last orbit.
On the other side are all the renewable energy sources, as well as nuclear power, which has its own special problems, which don’t include carbon dioxide emissions.
According to the EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) about one third of US carbon dioxide emissions are generated in industry and power production. Considering that reducing carbon dioxide emissions is a key facet of climate change mitigation, it does one well to note which fuel sources generate the fewest emissions. According to data released by the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), every energy source, even renewable energy sources, have a carbon footprint. Still, there is a distinct difference between fossil fuel sources and renewable energy sources.
Geothermal and photovoltaic solar panels are the “worst” of the renewable-energy carbon dioxide emitters, responsible for ≈45-48 g CO 2 /kWh. Clearly, moving away from all fossil fuels, not just coal and oil, would be a major step forward in curbing carbon dioxide emissions.