What is the West Nile virus transmission cycle?
Jul 03, 2016 · The map above shows how the course of the Nile river in Egypt has changed over the past 5,000 years. Additionally, it also shows settlements and Pyramid sites. In case you’re having a hard time reading the map legend it says: 500 years BP (before present day) 1000 years BP; 1500 years BP; 2000 years BP; 2500 years BP; 3000 years BP; 3500 years BP; 4000 years BP
How many students are there in each Nile course?
Sep 05, 2012 · The incubation period is about two to 14 days. For more severe forms of the disease, the amount of time it takes to run its course is variable, and can leave long-term effects.
How long does West Nile fever last?
Aug 29, 2019 · Conjohnsilver from IrelandThe Nile did run from East to West. The Nile has always run along broadly the same route since it began flowing at least 80,000 years ago. However, during the Laschamp Event about 40,000 years ago, the North and South poles changed places for a few hundred years.
What are the symptoms of West Nile?
Dec 19, 2020 · Most West Nile virus infections happen during warm weather, when mosquitoes are active. The incubation period — the period between when you're bitten by an infected mosquito and the appearance of signs and symptoms of the illness — generally ranges from four to 10 days. West Nile virus has appeared in Africa, Asia, Europe and the Middle East.
How long does it take to clear West Nile virus?
Your body has to fight the infection on its own. In mild cases of West Nile, symptoms usually last for 3 to 6 days, and you can recover at home. If you get a more severe case of West Nile, symptoms can last for weeks or months, and you may need to stay in the hospital so you can get medicine to help you recover.
How long is the incubation period for West Nile?
Signs and symptoms The typical incubation period for West Nile is 2-6 days, although it can be as long as 15 days. West Nile fever symptoms include: sudden onset of high fever (usually >102°F)
Can you catch West Nile twice?
Can a human get West Nile virus twice? Medical professionals don't believe so. Like many other viruses, medical tests indicate that once a person has been infected with West Nile, he/she develops a natural immunity to future infection by the virus for life.
Is West Nile seasonal?
West Nile virus infection can cause serious disease. WNV is established as a seasonal epidemic in North America that flares up in the summer and continues into the fall.
Is West Nile a reportable disease?
West Nile virus disease is a nationally notifiable condition. Cases are reported to CDC by state and local health departments using standard case definitions. Arboviral surveillance data are reported to CDC through ArboNET.
Is West Nile virus curable?
Because it's a viral condition, West Nile virus doesn't have a cure. But you can take over-the-counter pain relievers, such as ibuprofen or aspirin, to relieve symptoms of West Nile virus such as muscle aches and headaches.
Does West Nile stay with you forever?
It is assumed that an infection with the West Nile virus confers lifelong immunity, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, but the immunity may dwindle as the years pass.Sep 24, 2012
Does West Nile stay in your body forever?
Signs and symptoms of West Nile fever usually last a few days. But signs and symptoms of encephalitis or meningitis can linger for weeks or months. Certain neurological effects, such as muscle weakness, can be permanent.Dec 19, 2020
What is worse EEE or West Nile?
“Last year was a banner year for West Nile; this year is a banner year for EEE,” said Sakolsky. Unlike EEE, West Nile is usually much milder, and more common, and causes no symptoms in 80 percent of infected people, according to the state health department.Sep 10, 2019
What are the odds of getting West Nile virus?
The odds of getting the most severe forms of West Nile disease are about one in 150. The overall death rate in severe disease is about 10%.Oct 19, 2020
Can West Nile cause brain damage?
Every year as mosquito season arrives, so does West Nile virus, causing fever in thousands of people nationwide and life-threatening brain infections in an unlucky few. About half the people who survive that infection – West Nile encephalitis – are left with permanent neurological deficits such as memory loss.Jun 22, 2016
Where West Nile virus is found?
It is transmitted by infected mosquitoes between and among humans and animals, including birds, which are the virus's reservoir host. First isolated in the West Nile district of Uganda in 1937, WNV is today found commonly in Africa, Europe, the Middle East, North America, and West Asia.
WNV Antibody Testing
Laboratory diagnosis is generally accomplished by testing of serum or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to detect WNV-specific IgM antibodies. Immunoassays for WNV-specific IgM are available commercially and through state public health laboratories.
Other testing for WNV disease
Viral cultures and tests to detect viral RNA (e.g., reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction [RT-PCR]) can be performed on serum, CSF, and tissue specimens that are collected early in the course of illness and, if results are positive, can confirm an infection.
Additional Information about Laboratory Testing
Contact your state or local health department for assistance with diagnostic testing. They can assist you with determining if samples should be sent to the CDC Arbovirus Diagnostic Laboratory for further testing.
How long does West Nile fever last?
Signs and symptoms of West Nile fever usually last a few days. But signs and symptoms of encephalitis or meningitis can linger for weeks or months. Certain neurological effects, such as muscle weakness, can be permanent.
How does West Nile spread?
In a few cases, West Nile virus might have spread through other routes, including organ transplants and blood transfusions. However, blood donors are screened for the virus, greatly reducing the risk of infection from blood transfusions.
What happens when a mosquito bites a bird?
When a mosquito bites an infected bird, the virus enters the mosquito's bloodstream and eventually moves into its salivary glands. When an infected mosquito bites an animal or a human (host), the virus is passed into the host's bloodstream, where it may cause serious illness. West Nile virus generally spreads to humans and animals from bites ...
How to protect yourself from West Nile virus?
You can lower your risk by protecting yourself from mosquitoes by using mosquito repellent and wearing clothing that covers your skin.
Where is the West Nile virus?
West Nile virus has appeared in Africa, Asia, Europe and the Middle East. It appeared in the United States in the summer of 1999, and since then has been reported in every state — except Hawaii and Alaska — as well as in Canada.
What are the signs of a serious infection?
Seek medical attention right away if you have signs or symptoms of serious infection, such as severe headaches, a stiff neck, disorientation or confusion. A serious infection generally needs hospitalization.
How to get rid of mosquitoes in the house?
Remove old tires or unused containers that might hold water and serve as a breeding place for mosquitoes. Install or repair screens on windows and doors. Avoid unnecessary outdoor activity when mosquitoes are most common, such as at dawn, dusk and early evening. Wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants when outdoors.
When is the best time to get West Nile?
There's no treatment or cure for the infection, so avoiding mosquito bites is the best way to deal with West Nile disease. August and September are the biggest months for West Nile virus. This year has been relatively quiet for West Nile so far, with 388 cases of human illness reported in 26 states as of Aug. 15.
What are the symptoms of West Nile?
A year after their infection, the West Nile patients commonly reported fatigue, memory problems, weakness, headache, joint pain, and balance problems. Half reported poor physical health. Nearly one in four reported depression. One in five developed a tremor.
How many West Nile cases were there in 2003?
The year 2003 was a big one for West Nile virus in the U.S. Nearly 10,000 confirmed infections were reported to the CDC -- 617 of them in North Dakota.
Overview
Courses
With a total length of about 6,650 km (4,130 mi) between the region of Lake Victoria and the Mediterranean Sea, the Nile is among the longest rivers on Earth. The drainage basin of the Nile covers 3,254,555 square kilometers (1,256,591 sq mi), about 10% of the area of Africa. Compared to other major rivers, though, the Nile carries little water (5% of the Congo River, for example). The Nile basin is c…
Etymology and names
The standard English names "White Nile" and "Blue Nile" refer to the river's source, derived from Arabic names formerly applied to only the Sudanese stretches that meet at Khartoum.
In the ancient Egyptian language, the Nile is called Ḥ'pī (Hapy) or Iteru, meaning "river". In Coptic, the word ⲫⲓⲁⲣⲟ, pronounced piaro (Sahidic) or phiaro (Bohairic), means "the river" (lit. p(h).iar-o "the.canal-great"), and comes from the same ancient name.
Tributaries of Nile
Below the confluence with the Blue Nile the only major tributary is the Atbara River, also known as the Red Nile, roughly halfway to the sea, which originates in Ethiopia north of Lake Tana, and is around 800 kilometers (500 mi) long. The Atbara flows only while there is rain in Ethiopia and dries very rapidly. During the dry period of January to June, it typically dries up north of Khartoum.
History
The Nile (iteru in Ancient Egyptian) has been the lifeline of civilization in Egypt since the Stone Age, with most of the population and all of the cities of Egypt resting along those parts of the Nile valley lying north of Aswan. However, the Nile used to run much more westerly through what is now Wadi Hamim and Wadi al Maqar in Libya and flow into the Gulf of Sidra. As sea level rose at the e…
Water sharing dispute
The Nile's water has affected the politics of East Africa and the Horn of Africa for many decades. The dispute between Egypt and Ethiopia over the $4.5 billion Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Damhas become a national preoccupation in both countries, stoking patriotism, deep-seated fears and even murmurs of war. Countries including Uganda, Sudan, Ethiopia and Kenya have complained abou…
Modern achievements and exploration
In 1951, the American John Goddard together with two French explorers became the first to successfully navigate the entire Nile river from its source in Burundi at the potential headsprings of the Kagera River in Burundi to its mouth on the Mediterranean Sea, a journey of approximately 6,800 km (4,200 mi). Their 9-month journey is described in the book Kayaks down the Nile.
The White Nile Expedition, led by South African national Hendrik Coetzee, navigated the White Nile'…
Crossings
The following bridges cross the Blue Nile and connect Khartoum to Khartoum North:
• Mac Nimir Bridge
• Blue Nile Road & Railway Bridge
• Burri Bridge
WNV Antibody Testing
- Laboratory diagnosis is generally accomplished by testing of serum or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to detect WNV-specific IgM antibodies. Immunoassays for WNV-specific IgM are available commercially and through state public health laboratories. WNV-specific IgM antibodies are usually detectable 3 to 8 days after onset of illness and persist for 30 to 90 days, but longer per…
Other Testing For WNV Disease
- Viral cultures and tests to detect viral RNA (e.g., reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction [RT-PCR]) can be performed on serum, CSF, and tissue specimens that are collected early in the course of illness and, if results are positive, can confirm an infection. However, the likelihood of detecting a WNV infection through molecular testing is fairly low. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) c…
Additional Information About Laboratory Testing
- Contact your state or local health department for assistance with diagnostic testing. They can assist you with determining if samples should be sent to the CDC Arbovirus Diagnostic Laboratoryfor further testing. 1. Instructions for Submitting Diagnostic Specimens to the DVBD Arbovirus Diagnostic Laboratory 2. CDC Data and Specimen Handling (DASH) Section Form 50.3…
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