Erythema induratum (also referred to as erythema induratum of Bazin (EIB) or nodular vasculitis) is a chronic nodular skin disease that is thought to represent a hypersensitivity response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis or its antigens.
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Fever is brought about by chemical mediators of inflammation and contributes to the rise in temperature at the injury. Swelling, called edema, is caused primarily by the accumulation of fluid outside the blood vessels.
The main function of inflammation is to trigger an immune response in an area of the body that needs it to fight off pathogens that may cause an infection or to help heal an injury. The main symptoms of acute inflammation are swelling, redness, pain, loss of function, and heat.
The inflammatory response (inflammation) occurs when tissues are injured by bacteria, trauma, toxins, heat, or any other cause. The damaged cells release chemicals including histamine, bradykinin, and prostaglandins. These chemicals cause blood vessels to leak fluid into the tissues, causing swelling.
There are four typical signs of inflammation: erythema (redness), heat, swelling, and pain. These are a consequence of increased blood flow and capillary permeability, the influx of phagocytic cells, and tissue damage.
Important microcirculatory events that occur during the inflammatory process include vascular permeability changes, leukocyte recruitment and accumulation, and inflammatory mediator release [2, 6].
The Three Stages of InflammationWritten by Christina Eng – Physiotherapist, Clinical Pilates Instructor.Phase 1: Inflammatory Response. Healing of acute injuries begins with the acute vascular inflammatory response. ... Phase 2: Repair and Regeneration. ... Phase 3: Remodelling and Maturation.
Key Concepts and Summary The five cardinal signs of inflammation are erythema, edema, heat, pain, and altered function. These largely result from innate responses that draw increased blood flow to the injured or infected tissue.
Your immune system sends out its first responders: inflammatory cells and cytokines (substances that stimulate more inflammatory cells). These cells begin an inflammatory response to trap bacteria and other offending agents or start healing injured tissue. The result can be pain, swelling, bruising or redness.
Inflammation has many causes, with how your body responds to infection among them. Five cardinal signs characterize this response: pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.
The main phagocytes involved in acute inflammation are the neutrophils, a type of white blood cell that contains granules of cell-destroying enzymes and proteins. When tissue damage is slight, an adequate supply of these cells can be obtained from those already circulating in the blood.
INFLAMMATIONPhaseActivated CellsChemical MediatorsC3a, C5a, C3b, IgGAcute inflammationNeutrophilsPDGF, ROIMonocytes/macrophagesPDGF, GM-CSF, ROI, TGF-α, IL-1Chronic inflammationMacrophages/FBGCROI, IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α5 more rows
This type of stimulation–response activity generates some of the most dramatic aspects of inflammation, with large amounts of cytokine production, the activation of many cell types, and in fact the four cardinal signs of inflammation: heat, pain, redness, and swelling (1).
The inflammatory response (inflammation) occurs when tissues are injured by bacteria, trauma, toxins, heat, or any other cause. The damaged cells release chemicals including histamine, bradykinin, and prostaglandins. These chemicals cause blood vessels to leak fluid into the tissues, causing swelling.
What is the function of inflammation in response to a burn from a hot iron? the migration of phagocytes through blood vessels to the site of tissue damage. the attachment of phagocytes to the walls of capillaries. the production and release of chemicals during inflammation.
Chemical barriers against infection include enzymes in tears, saliva and mucus that break down the surface of bacteria. The acid in sweat and in the stomach kills cellular pathogens and there are anti-bacterial proteins in semen (the fluid that contains male sperm).
What are cytokines? They are small, soluble proteins that regulate the immune system. They're part of innate immunity and have an adaptive response to infection. They're induced in response to specific stimuli such as bacterial lipopolysaccharides, flagellin, and other bacterial products.
Within the warm and nutrient filled environment of human tissue most microorganisms undergo rapid multiplication with production of many new infectious progeny. Some bacteria are intracellular pathogens and replicate in macrophages and other cells. Many extracellular bacteria form multi-cellular masses called biofilms, which provides an optimal environment for growth. (This was all I found in the book but online were answers like nutrients, oxygen, warmth, time, possibly moisture, and the correct pH)
Compensatory hyperplasia is an adaptive mechanism that allows some organs to regenerate in order to compensate for the loss. A protein, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is thought to be a mediator in vitro of liver regeneration; however other growth factors and cytokines are involved.
In hypoxia ATP decreases, causing the Na/K pump & Na/Ca exchange to fail. Leading to increase of intracellular Na & Ca, & diffusion of K out of the cell; Na & water can then enter the cell freely causing swelling & dilation of the endoplasmic reticulum
Passive mediated transport or facilitated diffusion moves the glucose via a uniport mechanism into the cell. When all glucose-specific receptors are occupied, the transport system is saturated and operating at maximal capacity. Direction of movement is the same as passive simple diffusion-down the concentration gradient, from an area of high concentration to low concentration until equilibrium is achieved.
Chemical signaling may occur through the bloodstream or in small discrete spaces
To stabilize the molecule, it gives up an electron or steals one. This process is capable of injuries through chemical bond formation with proteins, lipids, & carbs. Free radicals aren't easily controlled & they initiate chain reactions. These reactive species are important in regard to cell injury by lipid peroxidation, alterations of proteins causing fragmentation of polypeptide chains, & alterations of DNA (breaking single strands). Diseases & disorders have been linked directly & indirectly to these reactive species.
The ideal dressing is one that absorbs some drainage without being incorporated into the clot or granulation tissue and keeps the wound moist. Normal saline should be used to cleanse or irrigate wound as other solutions might be desiccating to the wound.
The precise physiological process that results in many conditions that cause skin induration includes the inflammatory process and infiltration of the skin by certain types of cancer cells.
Skin induration is a deep thickening of the skin that can result from edema, inflammation, or infiltration, including by cancer. Diagnosis of skin induration is made by palpation (feeling the area) and assessing whether the raised area has a hard, resistant feeling. Because there are many different underlying causes of induration of skin, ...
Metastatic skin lesions may originate from various other types of cancer. Another source of cutaneous metastasis is skin cancer . In this instance, the primary melanoma spreads/infiltrates to distant areas of the skin, where secondary growths begin to surround the primary melanoma site. 2 .
Indurated skin generally has the following signs: Feels firmer to the touch than surrounding skin. Appears thick. Looks smooth and shiny. The indurated areas commonly appear on the hands and face, but can also be found on the chest, back, abdomen, breasts, or buttocks.
Several types of skin infections can manifest with symptoms of skin induration. Examples include: 1. An abscess. An inflamed cyst . Insect bites that become infected. Not only is there an underlying skin condition that can cause infections that exhibit skin induration, but there is also a causative microorganism.
Diagnosis of panniculitis is most often made by visual examination, in combination with a biopsy for confirmation.
Skin infections are commonly resistant to certain types of antibiotics; therefore, if a fever develops, the induration gets larger, or the area becomes reddened and hot to the touch, it is vital to consult with your healthcare provider as soon as possible. Your antibiotic may need to be changed to a different type of medication.
Cyanotic induration – Induration related to persistent , chronic venous congestion in an organ or tissue , frequently resulting in fibrous thickening of the walls of the veins & eventual fibrosis of adjacent tissue the affected tissue becomes firmer than normal and tends to have an unusual ,red-blue color.
The pyogenic organisms are very irritant when deposited cause inflammation, inflammation leads to exudation, but exudates cannot coagulate or coagulates but imperfectly, because it is peptonized by ferment of micro-organisms. If an area of embryonic tissue is invaded by pyogenic micro-organisms, it is promptly peptonized.
Gray induration – a condition occurring in lungs during and after pneumonic processes in which there is a conspicuous increase in fibrous connective tissue in the walls of the alveoli , and also within the alveoli (for example fibrous organization of exudate) in contrast to brown induration , there is usually not a prominent degree of pigmentation , unless chronic passive congestion is also present.
To stabilize the molecule, it gives up an electron or steals one. This process is capable of injuries through chemical bond formation with proteins, lipids, & carbs. Free radicals aren't easily controlled & they initiate chain reactions. These reactive species are important in regard to cell injury by lipid peroxidation, alterations of proteins causing fragmentation of polypeptide chains, & alterations of DNA (breaking single strands). Diseases & disorders have been linked directly & indirectly to these reactive species.
Within the warm and nutrient filled environment of human tissue most microorganisms undergo rapid multiplication with production of many new infectious progeny. Some bacteria are intracellular pathogens and replicate in macrophages and other cells. Many extracellular bacteria form multi-cellular masses called biofilms, which provides an optimal environment for growth. (This was all I found in the book but online were answers like nutrients, oxygen, warmth, time, possibly moisture, and the correct pH)
3. Deposition of iCa into bone or soft tissue - pancreatitis releases lipases into soft tissues, which then binds Ca; neoplastic bone metastases inhibit bone resorption & increase Ca deposition into bone thereby decreasing serum Ca.