Dec 04, 2016 · 1.)Huntington argues that, of all the nations in Europe, and of all the colonies, America alone developed the American Creed, and that this simple observation requires explanation. This observation leads to two conclusions: that America was an English colony, and that America alone was formed as a result of the Reformation.
The American republic was founded on a set of beliefs that were tested during the Revolutionary War. Among them was the idea that all people are created equal, whether European, Native American, or African American, and that these people have fundamental rights, such as liberty, free speech, freedom of religion, due process of law, and freedom of assembly.
Dec 27, 2013 · According to Samuel Huntington, the famous historian, the post cold war world is one of seven or eight major civilizations. Cultural commonalities and differences shape the interests, antagonisms and associations of states. The most important countries in the world come from different civilizations. The local conflicts most likely to escalate into broader wars …
by Samuel P. Huntington. ... when the United States sent a massive army to the Persian Gulf to defend some Arab countries against aggression by another. ... increasingly have to accommodate these non-Western modern civilizations whose power approaches that of the West but whose values and interests differ significantly from those of the West ...
Thomas Jefferson had a strong belief in the equality of Native Americans and European Americans and admitted the potential for the equality of African Americans. In this letter to the Marquis de Chastellux of France, Jefferson asserted that “I believe the Indian, then, to be in body and mind, equal to the white man,” and that “blackmen” would be equal to whites if they were “equally cultivated.”
Washington argued that it would be easier to open the western territories to settlement by being on good terms with Indians and purchasing their lands, “ in preference to attempting to drive them by force of Arms out of their Country.”
While serving as a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1776, Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826), a Virginia planter and revolutionary leader, drafted the Declaration of Independence. Jefferson wielded one of the sharpest and most skilled pens in the revolutionary cause and during the formative years of the United States.
John Adams (1735–1826), Massachusetts lawyer and revolutionary, was a leader of the independence radicals in the Continental Congress and served as the second president between 1797 and 1801. Adams’s conservative conception of the governmental form for the American republic made him an antagonist of Thomas Jefferson during Adams’s rise to the presidency.
In May 1776, Thomas Jefferson, a Virginia delegate to the Continental Congress, wrote at least three drafts of a Virginia constitution. Jefferson’s litany of British governmental abuses in his drafts of the Virginia Constitution became his “train of abuses” in the Declaration of Independence.
During the American Revolution, most Native Americans sided with the Crown because they considered the British military as their last defense against land-hungry American settlers encroaching on their ancestral territory. In this vicious satire created during the Revolution, a British critic links American fears of religious oppression with British use of Native American allies. King George III joins Native Americans in a cannibalistic feast, and two natives drain blood from the torso of a white infant into a skull. A fat bishop and a sailor deliver scalping knives, tomahawks, and crucifixes as presents to the Indians.
Among them was the idea that all people are created equal, whether European, Native American, or African American, and that these people have fundamental rights, such as liberty, free speech, freedom of religion, due process of law, and freedom of assembly. America’s revolutionaries openly discussed these concepts. Many Americans agreed with them but some found that the ideology was far more acceptable in the abstract than in practice.
Hardin believes the way to change people's attitudes and behaviors is not through guilt or force but through "mutual coercion." He admits the term coercion has negative connotations but prefers it to "persuasion." Since appeals to social conscience do not work, people must be coerced by mutual agreement to limit family size. Hardin recommends instituting "not prohibition, but carefully biased options." An individual is free to choose between adhering to social agreements and facing sanctions. He uses taxes as an example of mutual coercion. Without penalties, he says, those without consciences would not voluntarily contribute to the communal good.
Hardin challenges the argument restrictions limit freedom. He argues restrictions protect us from each other's exploitation. Just as parking meters and parking tickets limit our options, they also make it more likely we can find a space for our car. As he stated earlier in the essay, "We need to reexamine our individual freedoms to see which ones are defensible." Constraints that apply to all protect us from each other's selfishness and allow us to live in groups.
Garrett Hardin 's 1968 essay "The Tragedy of the Commons" argues overpopulation is depleting the earth's resources. He warns without countermeasures, humans are doomed to misery. This echoes the writings of Thomas Robert Malthus, who observed in 1798 the population growth rate inevitably outpaces food production, leading to widespread starvation. Since then, many arguments have challenged Malthus's theory. Although some areas of the world have experienced periods of famine, Malthus's debunkers argue technology has prevented and can continue to prevent famine through advances in agricultural techniques. They point out technology has improved the quality of life across the globe, even as the population has doubled.
Hardin states what a society considers moral is "system-sensitive," by which he means the context is important to understanding the society's values. He gives the example of a pioneer killing a bison and wasting most of the animal. In the context in which the pioneer lived, the action would not be considered harmful to the abundant population ...
Hardin develops his thesis through a series of questions and answers that ultimately lead to his intended conclusion. He poses a question, states the common wisdom, and then systematically challenges the components and definitions supporting that belief. This resembles the Socratic method, which was used by Greek philosophers in the fourth century BCE. To use the Socratic method, the sage would ask a series of probing questions that guided the pupil to see the discrepancies and inconsistencies in his belief, and this would then lead the pupil to a solid, logical conclusion.
The first is they will be reprimanded for not being "responsible" if they do not take the recommended action. The second is if they do what is asked, they are easily coerced "simpletons" who will be giving up access to the commons while others continue to exploit them and benefit.
Hardin's paper was published in Science magazine, a well-established academic journal established in 1880. Unlike popular science magazines for the general public or specialized scientific journals, Science 's audience tends to be intellectuals interested in new concepts and research directions across a range of scientific disciplines.