So, you've drawn your brachial plexus and know your major nerves of the upper limb, but where do they go next?In this video, we'll follow those nerves out in...
Feb 22, 2022 · Of course, there are many more functions and movements that our upper extremity offers to us, and this is all due to its perfect anatomy that is designed to allow a large degree of mobility. This topic page will briefly discuss the upper extremity anatomy in order to introduce you to the main regions of the upper limb , which includes: the ...
These provide skeletal support as well as being the site of origin and attachment for the many muscles to act as leverage points. The joints of the upper limb are found between some of these bones and the muscles crossing them allow us to orient these joints. The nerves of the upper limb arise from a complex arrangement of nerve fibers known as the brachial plexus; These nerves …
Sep 30, 2021 · The cephalic and basilic veins are major superficial veins of the forearm. From the radial side (lateral side) of the forearm, the cephalic vein runs up, from the anatomical snuffbox, along the preaxial border of the upper limb. It runs in the arm lateral to the biceps brachii, in the deltopectoral groove, and perforates the clavipectoral fascia to drain into the axillary vein.
Peripheral NervesUlnar nerve. The ulnar nerve is formed from the C8 and T1 nerve roots. ... Radial nerve. The radial nerve is formed from the C5, C6, C7, C8 and T1 nerve roots of the brachial plexus. ... Median nerve. ... Musculocutaneous nerve. ... Axillary nerve. ... Roots. ... Trunks. ... Divisions.More items...
The axillary nerve supplies the deltoid muscle, as well as one of the four rotator cuff muscles, the teres minor. It also provides sensory innervation via the upper lateral cutaneous nerve of the arm. The axillary nerve is commonly damaged via trauma to the shoulder or dislocation of the humerus.
The brachial plexus is a collection of nerve fibres that supply motor and sensory innervation to the upper limb. It originates from nerve roots C5 to T1 and, as it passes through the axilla, merges the nerve fibres from these roots into different nerve branches.
Course. The radial nerve lies posterior to the axillary artery in the axilla and enters the posterior compartment of the arm under teres major muscle via the triangular interval. In the posterior compartment of the arm, it winds its way around the spiral groove of the humerus, accompanying profunda brachii artery.Feb 2, 2022
NervesSupraclavicular Nerve. ... Axillary Nerve. ... Musculocutaneous Nerve. ... Radial Nerve. ... Median Nerve. ... Ulnar Nerve. ... Medial Brachial Cutaneous Nerve. ... Medial Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve.More items...•Jul 26, 2021
The suprascapular nerve is a peripheral nerve of the shoulder and arm. It arises from the upper portion of the brachial plexus, which is a network of nerves that stretches across your check from your neck down to your armpit.Mar 19, 2020
The five major nerves emerging from the brachial plexus to supply the upper limb are the axillary, radial, musculocutaneous, ulnar, and median nerves. The axillary nerve innervates the deltoid and teres minor muscles.
Nerves of the upper limb. The upper limb is supplied by a nervous network called the brachial plexus. This plexus is made by the merging of the anterior rami from the lower four cervical nerves and the first thoracic nerve (C5-T1).
Terms in this set (5)brachial artery. Location.radial artery. Location.ulnar artery. Location.superficial palmar arch. Location.digital artery. Location.
The radial nerve helps you move your elbow, wrist, hand and fingers. It runs down the back of the arm from the armpit to the hand. The radial nerve is part of the peripheral nervous system. The peripheral nervous system sends signals from your brain to your arms and fingers, lower limbs, skin and internal organs.Jun 28, 2021
axillary nerveThe anterior branch of the axillary nerve winds round the humerus deep to the deltoid muscle, and also innervates the muscle at this point. The posterior branch of the axillary nerve innervates the teres minor and also the deltoid.
The axillary nerve has both a motor and a sensory distribution of innervation. It has motor fibres that innervate the deltoid muscle, acting as an abductor, flexor and extensor at the shoulder joint, as well as the teres minor muscle, allowing lateral rotation of the glenohumeral joint.
The intrinsic muscles of the hand are the: palmaris brevis, interossei ( palmar and dorsal ), adductor pollicis, thenar, hypothenar and lumbrical muscles.
The shoulder joint is reinforced with two groups of muscles, superficial and deep. Superficial muscles include the deltoid and the trapezius, whereas the deep group contains the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor and subscapularis (rotator cuff) muscles.
The shoulder is where the upper limb attaches to the trunk. Its most important part is the glenohumeral joint; formed by the humerus, scapula and clavicle. The humerus anatomy is a must-know before any discussion on the glenohumeral joint, and you can learn everything about it in our learning materials.
Forearm. Here comes the part that most students consider the hardest. The twenty muscles, and two bones ( radius and ulna ), of the forearm. When in anatomical position (supination), the radius is found laterally while the ulna is medially in the forearm.
But anatomically, all parts of the arm are a must-know. There is only one bone within the arm, and that is the humerus. It is the pillar on which all the other soft tissue structures rely.
Arterial blood comes from the brachial artery, which arborizes on its way down the arm giving many branches for the supply of the structures of the arm.Learn more about the nerves of the upper limb with Kenhub. Main nerves of the upper limb Explore study unit. Brachial plexus Explore study unit.
Hand. There are two prominent superficial veins of the upper limb; they are the cephalic and basilic veins, and these two extensive veins originate from the venous networks of the dorsum of the hand. The hand is drained by superficial and deep veins. In the palm, these veins form “arches” and they are associated with the superficial ...
Veins of the upper limb. Veins of the upper extremities are grouped into deep veins which are accompanying veins of arteries from which they derive their names (Latin: vena comitantes), and superficial veins. Both groups of veins interconnect with one another and return blood from all parts of the upper limb to other veins ...
A wound in the proximal part of the axillary vein is particularly dangerous, not only because of profuse bleeding but also because of the risk of air entering it and producing air emboli (air bubbles) in the blood.
The cephalic and basilic veins are major superficial veins of the forearm. From the radial side (lateral side) of the forearm, the cephalic vein runs up, from the anatomical snuffbox, along the preaxial border of the upper limb. It runs in the arm lateral to the biceps brachii, in the deltopectoral groove, and perforates ...
The axillary vein courses upwards on the medial side of the axillary artery and leaves the axilla by passing through its apex anterior to the third part of the subclavian artery. Over the upper surface of the first rib, in front of the anterior scalene muscle, the axillary vein continues as the subclavian vein.
Forearm. The forearm is drained by numerous deep veins which form double venae comitantes with arteries of the forearm. These deep veins of the forearm anatomoses freely with each other and return blood from the forearm with little contribution (little blood volume) from the hand. The cephalic and basilic veins are major superficial veins ...
Like in the forearm, the arm is drained by the brachial veins (deep veins that accompany the brachial artery) and all its branches. In addition, the basilic and cephalic veins course upwards through the subcutaneous tissue and drain the superficial regions of the arm. The basilic veins perforate the deep fascia in the middle of the arm, while the cephalic lies in the groove between the deltoid and pectoralis major muscles, and ends by piercing the clavipectoral fascia to enter the axillary vein.
This occurs at four places along the length of the vertebral column, each identified as a nerve plexus , Of the four nerve plexuses, two are found at the cervical level, one at the lumbar level, and one at the sacral level ( Figure 12.25 ).
There are four main nerve plexuses in the human body. The cervical plexus supplies nerves to the posterior head and neck , as well as to the diaphragm. The brachial plexus supplies nerves to the arm. The lumbar plexus supplies nerves to the anterior leg. The sacral plexus supplies nerves to the posterior leg.
Structures of the PNS. The PNS consists of all nervous tissue outside of the brain and spinal cord. It includes the ganglia, nerves, and receptors, as they are found in various parts of the body. Here ganglia and nerves will be the focus of discussion. Receptors will be discussed further in the sensory system module.
The structure of a nerve is organized by the layers of connective tissue on the outside, around each fascicle, and surrounding the individual nerve fibers (tissue source: simian). LM × 40. (Micrograph provided by the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School © 2012)
A ganglion is a group of neuron cell bodies in the PNS. Ganglia can be categorized, for the most part, as either sensory ganglia or autonomic ganglia, referring to their primary functions. The most common type of sensory ganglion is a dorsal (posterior) root ganglion. These ganglia contain the cell bodies of neurons with axons that are sensory endings in the periphery, such as in the skin, and that extend into the CNS through the dorsal nerve root. The gorsal root ganglion is an enlargement of the nerve root. Under microscopic inspection, it can be seen to include the cell bodies of the neurons, as well as bundles of fibers that are the posterior nerve root ( Figure 12.19 ). The cells of the dorsal root ganglion are unipolar cells, classifying them by shape. Also, the small round nuclei of satellite cells can be seen surrounding—as if they were orbiting—the neuron cell bodies.
Bundles of axons in the PNS are referred to as nerves. These structures in the periphery are different than the central counterpart, called a tract. Nerves are composed of more than just nervous tissue. They have connective tissues invested in their structure, as well as blood vessels supplying the tissues with nourishment. The outer surface of a nerve is a surrounding layer of fibrous connective tissue called the epineurium. Within the nerve , axons are further bundled into fascicles, which are each surrounded by their own layer of fibrous connective tissue called perineurium. Finally, individual axons are surrounded by loose connective tissue called the endoneurium ( Figure 12.21 ). These three layers are similar to the connective tissue sheaths for muscles. Nerves are associated with the region of the CNS to which they are connected, either as cranial nerves connected to the brain or spinal nerves connected to the spinal cord.
The nerves attached to the brain are the cranial nerves, which are primarily responsible for the sensory and motor functions of the head and neck (one of these nerves targets organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities as part of the parasympathetic nervous system). There are twelve cranial nerves, which are designated CNI through CNXII for “Cranial Nerve,” using Roman numerals I through XII. They can be functionally classified as sensory nerves, motor nerves, or mixed nerves. The sensory nerves contain axons that transmit sensory information to the CNS. The motor nerves contain axons that transmit motor commands from the CNS, and the mixed nerves contain both sensory and motor axons. Three of the nerves are solely composed of sensory fibers; five are strictly motor; and the remaining four are mixed nerves. Learning the cranial nerves is a tradition in anatomy courses, and students have always used mnemonic devices to remember the nerve names. A traditional mnemonic is the rhyming couplet, “On Old Olympus’ Towering Tops/A Finn And German Viewed Some Hops,” in which the initial letter of each word corresponds to the initial letter in the name of each nerve. The names of the nerves have changed over the years to reflect current usage and more accurate naming. An exercise to help learn this sort of information is to generate a mnemonic using words that have personal significance. The names of the cranial nerves are listed in Table 12.3 along with a brief description of their function, their source (sensory ganglion or motor nucleus), and their target (sensory nucleus or skeletal muscle). They are listed here with a brief explanation of each nerve ( Figure 12.23 ). The olfactory nerve and optic nerve are responsible for the sense of smell and vision, respectively. The oculomotor nerve is responsible for eye movements by controlling four of the extraocular muscles. It is also responsible for lifting the upper eyelid when the eyes point up, and for pupillary constriction. The trochlear nerve and the abducens nerve are both responsible for eye movement, but do so by controlling different extraocular muscles. The trigeminal nerve is responsible for cutaneous sensations of the face and controlling the muscles of mastication. The facial nerve is responsible for the muscles involved in facial expressions, as well as part of the sense of taste and the production of saliva. The vestibulocochlear nerve is responsible for the senses of hearing and balance. The glossopharyngeal nerve is responsible for controlling muscles in the oral cavity and upper throat, as well as part of the sense of taste and the production of saliva. The vagus nerve is responsible for contributing to homeostatic control of the organs of the thoracic and upper abdominal cavities. The spinal accessory nerve is responsible for controlling the muscles of the neck, along with cervical spinal nerves. The hypoglossal nerve is responsible for controlling the muscles of the lower throat and tongue.
The lumbar plexus arises from all the lumbar spinal nerves and gives rise to nerves enervating the pelvic region and the anterior leg. The femoral nerve is one of the major nerves from this plexus, which gives rise to the saphenous nerve as a branch that extends through the anterior lower leg.
The olfactory nerve and optic nerve are responsible for the sense of smell and vision, respectively. The oculomotor nerve is responsible for eye movements by controlling four of the extraocular muscles. It is also responsible for lifting the upper eyelid when the eyes point up, and for pupillary constriction.
The PNS is not as contained as the CNS because it is defined as everything that is not the CNS. Some peripheral structures are incorporated into the other organs of the body. In describing the anatomy of the PNS, the focus will remain on the common structures that are found in various parts of the body.
Bundles of axons in the PNS are referred to as nerves. These structures in the periphery are different than the central counterpart, called a tract. Nerves are composed of more than just nervous tissue. They have connective tissues invested in their structure, as well as blood vessels supplying the tissues with nourishment. The outer surface of a nerve is a surrounding layer of fibrous connective tissue called the epineurium. Within the nerve , axons are further bundled into fascicles, which are each surrounded by their own layer of fibrous connective tissue called perineurium. Finally, individual axons are surrounded by loose connective tissue called the endoneurium (Figure 8.27). These three layers are similar to the connective tissue sheaths for muscles. Nerves are associated with the region of the CNS to which they are connected, either as cranial nerves connected to the brain or spinal nerves connected to the spinal cord.
There are twelve cranial nerves, which are designated CNI through CNXII ...
The nerves connected to the spinal cord are the spinal nerves. The arrangement of these nerves is much more regular than that of the cranial nerves. All of the spinal nerves are combined sensory and motor axons that separate into two nerve roots. The sensory axons enter the spinal cord as the dorsal nerve root.
The dorsal root ganglion for each nerve is an enlargement of the spinal nerve. There are 31 spinal nerves, named for the level of the spinal cord at which each one emerges.